Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with small bowel tumors: A single center analysis of 220 cases / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with small bowel tumors. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study. We collected clinicopathological data of patients with primary jejunal or ileal tumors who had undergone small bowel resection in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University between January 2012 and September 2017. The inclusion criteria included: (1) older than 18 years; (2) had undergone small bowel resection; (3) primary location at jejunum or ileum; (4) postoperative pathological examination confirmed malignancy or malignant potential; and (5) complete clinicopathological and follow-up data. Patients with a history of previous or other concomitant malignancies and those who had undergone exploratory laparotomy with biopsy but no resection were excluded. The clinicopathological characteristics and prognoses of included patients were analyzed. Results: The study cohort comprised 220 patients with small bowel tumors, 136 of which were classified as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), 47 as adenocarcinomas, and 35 as lymphomas. The median follow-up for all patient was 81.0 months (75.9-86.1). GISTs frequently manifested as gastrointestinal bleeding (61.0%, 83/136) and abdominal pain (38.2%, 52/136). In the patients with GISTs, the rates of lymph node and distant metastasis were 0.7% (1/136) and 11.8% (16/136), respectively. The median follow-up time was 81.0 (75.9-86.1) months. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 96.3%. Multivariate Cox regression-analysis results showed that distant metastasis was the only factor associated with OS of patients with GISTs (HR=23.639, 95% CI: 4.564-122.430, P<0.001). The main clinical manifestations of small bowel adenocarcinoma were abdominal pain (85.1%, 40/47), constipation/diarrhea (61.7%, 29/47), and weight loss (61.7%, 29/47). Rates of lymph node and distant metastasis in patients with small bowel adenocarcinoma were 53.2% (25/47) and 23.4% (11/47), respectively. The 3-year OS rate of patients with small bowel adenocarcinoma was 44.7%. Multivariate Cox regression-analysis results showed that distant metastasis (HR=4.018, 95%CI: 2.108-10.331, P<0.001) and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR=0.291, 95% CI: 0.140-0.609, P=0.001) were independently associated with OS of patients with small bowel adenocarcinoma. Small bowel lymphoma frequently manifested as abdominal pain (68.6%, 24/35) and constipation/diarrhea (31.4%, 11/35); 77.1% (27/35) of small bowel lymphomas were of B-cell origin. The 3-year OS rate of patients with small bowel lymphomas was 60.0%. T/NK cell lymphomas (HR= 6.598, 95% CI: 2.172-20.041, P<0.001) and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR=0.119, 95% CI: 0.015-0.925, P=0.042) were independently associated with OS of patients with small bowel lymphoma. Small bowel GISTs have a better prognosis than small intestinal adenocarcinomas (P<0.001) or lymphomas (P<0.001), and small bowel lymphomas have a better prognosis than small bowel adenocarcinomas (P=0.035). Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of small intestinal tumor are non-specific. Small bowel GISTs are relatively indolent and have a good prognosis, whereas adenocarcinomas and lymphomas (especially T/NK-cell lymphomas) are highly malignant and have a poor prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy would likely improve the prognosis of patients with small bowel adenocarcinomas or lymphomas.

Melanoma metastásico en intestino delgado: causa infrecuente de perforación: reporte de caso / Metastatic melanoma in the small intestine: infrequent cause of perforation: case report / Melanoma metastático em intestino delgado: causa rara de perfuração: relato de caso

El intestino delgado es el sitio de asiento más frecuente del melanoma metastásico. Su diagnóstico es un desafío por cursar asintomático o con síntomas inespecíficos. Son pocos los casos que presentan complicaciones, siendo infrecuente la peritonitis por perforación. El objetivo del trabajo es comunicar el caso clínico de una peritonitis por perforación de una metástasis de melanoma en intestino delgado. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 66 años con diagnóstico de melanoma de cuello y secundario óseo, encefálico y pulmonar, fue intervenido de urgencia por peritonitis aguda por perforación de metástasis en intestino delgado. El estudio histológico confirmó secundarismo de melanoma cutáneo. Conclusión: Sabiendo que el yeyuno íleon es el sitio de asiento más frecuente de las metástasis de melanoma, ante la presencia de síntomas digestivos inespecíficos o anemia se debe sospechar su compromiso y evaluar posibles alternativas terapéuticas.

The small intestine is the most frequent site of metastatic melanoma. However, its diagnosis continues to be a challenge since it is usually asymptomatic or with non-specific symptoms. Few cases result in complications, peritonitis due to perforation being infrequent. The objective of the work is to report a clinical case of peritonitis due to perforation of a melanoma metastasis in the small intestine. Clinical case: A 66-year-old male patient diagnosed with melanoma of the neck and secondary bone, brain and lung melanoma, underwent emergency surgery for acute peritonitis due to perforation of metastasis in the small intestine, which was resected and anastomosed. The histology confirmed the secondary nature of the cutaneous melanoma. Conclusion: Knowing that the jejunum-ileum is the most frequent site of melanoma metastases, in the presence of non-specific digestive symptoms or anemia, its involvement should be suspected and possible therapeutic alternatives should be evaluated.

O intestino delgado é o local mais frequente de melanoma metastático. O diagnóstico é um desafio por ser assintomático ou apresentar sintomas inespecíficos. Há poucos casos que apresentam complicações, sendo pouco frequente a peritonite por perfuração. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de peritonite por perfuração de metástase de melanoma no intestino delgado. Caso clínico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 66 anos, diagnosticado com melanoma no pescoço com metástase óssea, cefálica e pulmonar. Foi submetido a cirurgia de emergência por peritonite aguda por perfuração de metástases do intestino delgado. O estudo histológico confirmou melanoma cutâneo. Conclusão: Sabendo que o jejuno e o íleo é o local mais frequente de metástase de melanoma, na presença de sintomas digestivos inespecíficos ou anemia deve-se suspeitar de seu acometimento e avaliar possíveis alternativas terapêuticas.

Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de los pacientes con cáncer de colon / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients with colon cancer

INTRODUCCIÓN. El cáncer de colon es una neoplasia del tubo digestivo considerada una de las más frecuentes en ambos sexos y que predomina en adultos mayores. OBJETIVO. Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con cáncer de colon. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Población de 1 601 y muestra de 210 datos de Historias Clínicas Electrónicas de pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de colon, atendidos por la Unidad de Oncología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de la ciudad de Quito en el periodo enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2019. Criterios de inclusión: diagnóstico confirmado de Cáncer de Colon, edad igual o mayor a 18 años, y disponer de todos los datos clínicos requeridos en el estudio. Se utilizó el método de muestreo probabilístico con lo que se estimó una proporción para el estudio con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, un margen de error del 5% y una frecuencia esperada del 3%, de donde se obtuvo una muestra ajustada al 10% de pérdidas. El procesamiento de datos se realizó en los programas Microsoft Excel versión 16 y el Statistical Package for Social Sciences versión 24. RESULTADOS. La mayor presentación fue en adultos mayores de 50 años, con una relación 1:1 en cuanto a sexo, y en la procedencia, se ubicó mayoritariamente en la población de la región Sierra; las personas con una actividad económica de tipo profesional fueron las más afectadas; en lo que se refiere a los antecedentes se encontró mayor relación en los personales y dentro de estos los pólipos; no hubo relación con los antecedentes quirúrgicos ni familiares. El síntoma de debut más prevalente fue el dolor abdominal; la mayoría fueron sometidos a colonoscopia; predominó la lateralidad derecha y el tipo histológico principalmente identificado fue el adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIÓN. No se observó relación estadísticamente significante entre estadíos, evolución y tratamientos instaurados, lo que pudo estar influenciado por el muestreo al azar; y que el 53,30% de los pacientes aún se encuentra en controles.

INTRODUCTION. Colon cancer is a neoplasm of the digestive tract considered one of the most frequent in both sexes and predominantly in older adults. OBJECTIVE. To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Population of 1 601 and sample of 210 data from Electronic Medical Records of patients diagnosed with colon cancer, attended by the Oncology Unit of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín of the city of Quito in the period January 2016 to December 2019. Inclusion criteria: confirmed diagnosis of Colon Cancer, age equal to or older than 18 years, and having all the clinical data required in the study. The probability sampling method was used with which a proportion was estimated for the study with a confidence interval of 95%, a margin of error of 5% and an expected frequency of 3%, from which a 10% loss adjusted sample was obtained. Data processing was performed in Microsoft Excel version 16 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24. The greatest presentation was in adults over 50 years of age, with a 1:1 ratio in terms of sex, and in terms of origin, it was mainly located in the population of the Sierra region; people with a professional economic activity were the most affected; in terms of history, a greater relationship was found in personal history and within these, polyps; there was no relationship with surgical or family history. The most prevalent debut symptom was abdominal pain; the majority underwent colonoscopy; right laterality predominated and the histological type mainly identified was adestatistically significant relationship was observed between stages, evolution and treatment, which could be influenced by random sampling; and that 53,30% of the patients are still in controls.

Adenocarcinoma de apéndice, un diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con dolor abdominal. Reporte de caso / Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix, a Differential Diagnosis in Patients with Abdominal Pain. Case Report / Adenocarcinoma do apêndice, diagnóstico diferencial em pacientes com dor abdominal. Relato de caso

Introducción. El dolor abdominal agudo es una causa frecuente de consulta en los servicios de urgencias. Su incidencia es alrededor del 5%, de los cuales el 10%- 25% de los pacientes requieren tratamiento quirúrgico. Las neoplasias apendiculares primarias son infrecuentes, actualmente representan 1% de las neoplasias malignas de origen gastrointestinal. Existe un predominio en mujeres y se debe sospechar en pacientes con factores de riesgo. El objetivo es entender la importancia del diagnóstico oportuno en el abordaje del paciente con dolor abdominal agudo. Presentación del caso. Mujer con cuadro clínico de 5 días de dolor abdominal, con hallazgo en tomografía de abdomen de marcada dilatación quística del apéndice cecal con calcificaciones lineales y nodulares en la pared y su interior. Intraoperariamente, se realizó hemicolectomía derecha con resultado histológico de neoplasia mucinosa del apéndice (adenoma serrado) con pérdida de la muscularis mucosae, catalogándolo como adenocarcinoma de bajo grado. Discusión. Los tumores apendiculares representan el 1% de las neoplasias malignas de origen gastrointestinal, son un hallazgo incidental (0.7-1.4%) en los procedimientos de apendicectomía. El diagnóstico es histopatológico y el pronóstico se relaciona con la clasificación. Es importante conocer, identificar y sospechar esta patología dada su infrecuencia, con lo cual se puede mejorar el pronóstico en los pacientes. Conclusión. Los tumores apendiculares son infrecuentes, los cuales deben ser incluidos en el grupo de patologías causantes de dolor abdominal agudo.

Introduction. Acute abdominal pain is a frequent cause of consultation to emergency services. Its incidence is about 5%, of which 10%-25% of patients require surgical treatment. Primary appendiceal neoplasms are infrequent. They currently represent 1% of malignant neoplasms of gastrointestinal origin. They are predominant in women and must be suspected in patients with risk factors. The objective is to understand the importance of timely diagnosis in approaching patients with acute abdominal pain. Case report. A woman with clinical condition of 5 days of abdominal pain. Marked cystic dilation of the cecal appendix with linear and nodular calcifications on its wall and interior found in a tomography of the abdomen. Intraoperatively, a right hemicolectomy was performed with a histological result of mucinous neoplasm of the appendix (serrated adenoma) with loss of the muscularis mucosae, classifying it as a low grade adenocarcinoma. Discussion. Appendiceal tumors represent 1% of malignant neoplasms of gastrointestinal origin, with an incidental finding (0.7-1.4%) in appendectomy procedures. The diagnosis is histopathological, and prognosis is related to its classification. It is important to know, identify and suspect this pathology due to its infrequency, which can improve the patient's prognosis. Conclusion. Appendiceal tumors are infrequent and should be included in the group of pathologies that cause acute abdominal pain.

Introdução. A dor abdominal aguda é causa frequente de consulta nos serviços de emergência. Sua incidência é em torno de 5%, dos quais entre 10% e 25% dos pacientes necessitam de tratamento cirúrgico. As neoplasias primárias de apêndice são raras, representando atualmente 1% das neoplasias malignas de origem gastrointestinal. Há predominância em mulheres e deve-se suspeitar em pacientes com fatores de risco. O objetivo é compreender a importância do diagnóstico oportuno na abordagem de pacientes com dor abdominal aguda. Relato de caso. Mulher com quadro clínico de dor abdominal por 5 dias, com achado tomográfico de abdome de dilatação cística acentuada do apêndice cecal com calcificações lineares e nodulares na parede e seu interior. No intraoperatório foi realizada hemicolectomia direita com resultado histológico de neoplasia mucinosa de apêndice (adenoma serrilhado) com perda da muscularis mucosae, classificando-a como adenocarcinoma de baixo grau. Discussão. Os tumores apendiculares representam 1% das neoplasias malignas de origem gastrointestinal, sendo um achado incidental (0.7-1.4%) em procedimentos de apendicectomia. O diagnóstico é histopatológico e o prognóstico está relacionado à classificação. É importante conhecer, identificar e suspeitar desta patologia dada a sua infrequência, o que pode melhorar o prognóstico dos pacientes. Conclusão. Os tumores apendiculares são pouco frequentes e devem ser incluídos no grupo de patologias que causam dor abdominal aguda.

Chinese expert consensus on gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (2022 edition) / 中华肿瘤杂志

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are highly heterogeneous tumors. According to the 2019 World Health Organization classification and grading criteria for neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatopancreatobiliary organs, GEP-NENs include well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs). GEP-NETs may present as hormonally functioning or nonfunctioning tumors and may have distinct clinical features based on their sites of origin. The Expert Committee of Neuroendocrine Tumors, Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology revised and updated the 2016 version of Chinese expert consensus on GEP-NENs. The update the consensus includes the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, biochemical and imaging examinations, pathological features, and treatment and follow-up of GEP-NENs.

Cancers primitifs de l'intestin grêle: épidémiologie, diagnostic et traitement dans un contexte de ressources limitées / Primitive Cancers of small Intestine: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment in a context of limited resources

Contexte et objectif. Le but de cette étude était d'étudier les aspects épidémiologiques, histologiques et thérapeutiques des cancers primitifs du grêle. Méthodes. Il s'est agi d'uneétude transversale à visée descriptive sur 10 ans et incluant tous les patients traités pour cancers primitifs de l'intestin grêle. La collecte des données a été rétrospective. Le test de Khi 2 a été utilisé pour la comparaison des données avec un seuil de signifi cation de 5%. Résultats. Cinquante-quatre dossiers de patients ont inclus dans l'étude dont 33 patients de sexe féminin (61,1%). L'âge moyen était de 34,3 ans. Trente-deux patients (59,3 %) ont été admis dans un tableau d'urgence chirurgicale, soit 24 occlusions intestinales aiguës et 8 péritonites aiguës généralisées. Les autres patients ont été admis dans un contexte de masse abdominale douloureuse. Le cancer était localisé sur l'iléon dans 27 cas (50%), sur le jéjunum dans 11 cas (20,3%) et sur le duodénum dans 16 (29,7%) cas. L'adénocarcinome était le type histologique le plus fréquent (35,2%), suivi des tumeurs endocrines (33,3%). Un envahissement local ou métastatique était noté chez 46 patients (85,2%) au moment du diagnostic. Une résection - anastomose a été réalisée dans 29 cas (53,7%) et une dérivation interne dans 19 cas (35,3%). La survie à 1 an était de 70%. Conclusion. Les cancers primitifs de l'intestin grêle sont souvent des adénocarcinomes.Ils surviennent chez des patients jeunesavec une prédominance des localisations iléales.

Survival in cases of intestinal tumors

Objective: To assess the survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer at Hospital Universitário Alzira Vellano, in the municipality of Alfenas, state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, from 2007 to 2016. Methodology: A search was conducted in the laboratory files and medical records of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and cared for during the aforementioned period. Results: In total, 128 cases were found: 52.3% were men, and 47.7% were women, with ages ranging from 25 to 91 years. The most common types of cancer in both genders were of the colon, rectum and sigmoid. The most common stages were T3N1Mx, followed by T3N0Mx and T3N2Mx. Patients with T1 or T2 cancers had a 100% survival rate, whereas the rate for those with grade 4 (T4) was of 0%. An association (p<0.05) of the location of the tumor with the survival rate was confirmed. Conclusion: There was a high mortality rate among patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer at Hospital Universitário Alzira Vellano from 2007 to 2016. (AU)

Neoplasias neuroendocrinas del intestino: serie de casos / Intestinal neuroendocrine tumors: case series

RESUMEN: Los tumores neuroendocrinos (TNE) intestinales representan el mayor porcentaje de este tipo de lesiones a nivel del aparato digestivo. El tratamiento de elección es la extirpación de la lesión primaria y sus linfonodos regionales. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar el resultado de pacientes portadores de TNE intestinales, tratados quirúrgicamente, en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO) y mortalidad. Serie de casos de pacientes con TNE intestinales intervenidos de forma consecutiva en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2006 y 2020. Las variables resultado fueron MPO y mortalidad. Otras variables de interés fueron localización y diámetro del tumor, tipo de cirugía y estancia hospitalaria. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Se trató a 11 pacientes (54,5 % mujeres), con una mediana de edad de 56 años. El 54,5 % de los tumores se localizó en yeyuno-íleon. La mediana del diámetro tumoral, tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria fueron 2 cm, 75 min y 4 días, respectivamente. El tipo de resección más frecuente fue hemicolectomía derecha (63,6 %). La MPO fue 9,1 % (seroma en un paciente). No hubo reintervenciones ni mortalidad operatoria. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 18 meses, no se verificaron recurrencias. Los resultados reportados en relación a MPO y mortalidad, son adecuados en relación con la evidencia publicada.

SUMMARY: Intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (INETs) represent the highest percentage of this type of lesion in the digestive system. The treatment of choice is removal of the primary lesion and its regional lymph nodes. The aim of this study is to report the results of patients with INETs treated surgically, in terms of postoperative morbidity (POM) and mortality. Series of cases of patients with intestinal INETs operated consecutively at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, between 2006 and 2020. Result variables were POM and mortality. Other variables of interest were location and diameter of the tumor, type of surgery, and hospital stay. Descriptive statistics were used. Eleven patients (54.5 %) were treated, with a median age of 56 years. 54.5 % of the tumors were located in the jejunum-ileum. The median tumor diameter, surgical time, and hospital stay were 2 cm, 75 min, and 4 days, respectively. The most frequent type of resection was right hemicolectomy (63.6 %). The MPO was 9.1 % (seroma in one patient). There were no reoperations or operative mortality. With a median follow-up of 18 months, there were no recurrences. Reported results in relation to POM and mortality are adequate in relation to the published evidence.

Linfoma T intestinal epiteliotrópico monomórfico: Reporte de Caso / Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T lymphoma: A case report / Linfoma T intestinal epiteliotrópico monomórfico: relato de caso

Introducción: El linfoma de células T intestinal epiteliotrópico monomórfico es una neoplasia derivada de linfocitos intraepiteliales. La etiología es desconocida, pero se ha asociado a enfermedad celíaca o a síndrome de malabsorción, aunque en la actualidad se considera un linfoma esporádico. La histopatología se caracteriza por linfocitos de tamaño intermedio a pequeño, con mínimo pleomorfismo, que generalmente expresan CD8 y CD56. Reporte de caso: Mujer de 60 años con dispepsia de larga evolución, fue ingresada por dolor abdominal agudo, diarrea, nausea, vómito bilioso y pérdida de peso. En los estudios se determinó anemia microcítica hipocrómica y desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico. Se evidenció por tomografía de abdomen una lesión nodular esplénica y engrosamiento concéntrico segmentario de yeyuno e íleon distal asociado a la presencia de líquido libre en cavidad abdominal, se consideró una masa tumoral. Evolución: Se realizó una laparotomía exploratoria con resección de yeyuno-transverso, en patología se determinó la presencia de 3 tumores: a nivel de yeyuno de 16x8.5x6 cm, en el íleon distal de 13x6.5x3 cm y en el ciego de 5x4x2cm con histología de linfoma no Hodgkin T de alto grado, intestinal primario, de tipo monomórfico epiteliotrópico (MEITL). Fue dada de alta diez días después. Dos semanas luego desarrollo sepsis de foco urinario, deshidratación, síndrome de intestino corto, hiper-amonemia y neumonía de focos múltiples con derrame pleural bilateral. Falleció al sexto día de hospitalización. Conclusiones: El MEITL es una neoplasia agresiva primaria intestinal de reciente identificación y pobre pronóstico. No se conocen en su totalidad los mecanismos moleculares asociados a esta entidad. El caso presentado demostró un curso clínico similar al reportado en la literatura.

Introduction: Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma is a derived neoplasia of intraepithelial lymphocytes. The etiology is unknown, but it has been associated with celiac disease or malabsorption syndrome, although it is currently considered a sporadic lymphoma. Histopatholo-gy is characterized by medium to small lymphocytes with minimal pleo-morphism, which generally express CD8 and CD56. Case report: A 60-year-old woman with long-standing dyspepsia was admitted for acute abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, bilious vomiting, and weight loss. In the studies, hypochromic microcytic anemia and fluid and electrolyte imbalance were determined. A splenic nodular lesion and segmental concentric thickening of the jejunum and distal ileum associated with the presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity was evidenced by abdominal tomography, it was considered a tumor mass. Evolution: An exploratory laparotomy was performed with transverse jejunum resection, in pathol-ogy the presence of 3 tumors was determined: at the jejunum level of 16x8.5x6 cm, in the distal ileum of 13x6.5x3 cm and in the cecum of 5x4x2cm with histology of high-grade non-Hodgkin T lymphoma, primary intestinal, epitheliotropic monomorphic type (MEITL). She was discharged ten days later. Two weeks later, she developed sepsis with a urinary focus, dehydration, short bowel syn-drome, hyper-amonemia, and multiple-focus pneumonia with bilateral pleural effusion. He died on the sixth day of hospitalization. Conclusions: MEITL is a recently identified aggressive primary intestinal neoplasm and poor prog-nosis. The molecular mechanisms associated with this entity are not fully known. The case presented showed a clinical course similar to that reported in the literature.

Introdução: O linfoma intestinal monomórfico epiteliotrópico de células T é uma neoplasia derivada de linfócitos intraepiteliais. A etiologia é desconhecida, mas tem sido associada à doença celíaca ou síndrome de má absorção, embora seja atualmente considerado um linfoma esporádico. A histopatologia é caracterizada por linfócitos médios a pequenos com pleomorfismo mínimo, que geralmente expressam CD8 e CD56. Relato do caso: Mulher de 60 anos com dispepsia de longa data foi admitida por dor abdominal aguda, diarreia, náuseas, vômitos biliosos e perda de peso. Nos estudos, foram determinados a anemia microcítica hipocrômica e o desequilíbrio hidroeletrolítico. Lesão nodular esplênica e espessamento concêntrico segmentar do jejuno e íleo distal associado à presença de líquido livre na cavidade abdominal foi evidenciado pela tomografia abdominal, considerada massa tumoral. Evolução: Foi realizada laparotomia exploradora com ressecção transversa do jejuno, na anatomia patológica foi determinada a presença de 3 tumores: ao nível do jejuno de 16x8,5x6 cm, no íleo distal de 13x6,5x3 cm e no ceco de 5x4x2cm com histologia de epiteliotrópico monomórfico monomórfico tipo linfoma T intestinal primário não-Hodgkin (MEITL). Ela teve alta dez dias depois. Duas semanas depois, desenvolvimento de sepse de foco urinário, desidratação, síndrome do intestino curto, hiperamonemia e pneumonia de foco múltiplo com derrame pleural bilateral. Ele morreu no sexto dia de internação. Conclusões: MEITL é uma neoplasia intestinal primária agressiva recentemente identificada e de mau prognóstico. Os mecanismos moleculares associados a esta entidade não são totalmente conhecidos. O caso apresentado apresentou evolução clínica semelhante à relatada na literatura.

Perforated Jejunal Adenocarcinoma in a COVID-19-Positive Patient* / Adenocarcinoma jejunal perfurado em paciente positivo para covid-19

Abstract Jejunal adenocarcinoma is a rare type of primary small bowelmalignancy. It is generally diagnosed at late stages and as a surgical finding, with abdominal pain or discomfort being the main associated symptom. Cases presenting with perforation are even rarer, especially without disseminated disease. The relationship between cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still being studied, as well as the postsurgical evolution of COVID-19 patients and its possible causality of intestinal perforation. We present the case of a perforated jejunal adenocarcinoma in a COVID-19-positive patient, in whom the symptomatology secondary to the perforation led to an early diagnosis, treatment and adequate postsurgical evolution, despite the concomitant condition.

Resumo O adenocarcinoma jejunal é um tipo raro de malignidade primária do intestino delgado, o qual geralmente é diagnosticado em estágios tardios e como achado cirúrgico, sendo a dor ou o desconforto abdominal o principal sintoma associado. Casos que apresentam perfuração são ainda mais raros, principalmente sem doença disseminada. A relação entre câncer e a cornonavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) ainda está sendo estudada, assim como a evolução pós-cirúrgica de pacientes com covid-19 e sua possível causalidade de perfuração intestinal. Apresentamos o caso de um adenocarcinoma jejunal perfurado em um paciente positivo para covid-19, em que a sintomatologia secundária à perfuração levou a um diagnóstico precoce, tratamento e evolução pós-cirúrgica adequada, apesar da condição concomitante.

Metástasis ganglionar mesentérica de neoplasia neuroendocrina: una causa infrecuente de obstrucción de intestino delgado / Small bowel obstruction caused by lymph nodes of a neuroendocrine tumor: a clinical case report

Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (NET-SI) are relatively rare neoplasms. If encountered, the most common location is the ileum. Symptoms are usually non-specific, delaying the tumors diagnosis. NET-SI are often small in size and can be challenging to recognize on imaging studies. However, they have a tendency to induce a pronounced fibrotic reaction in the mesentery, often accompanied by large calcified mesenteric adenopathies. In some cases, the fibrotic reaction can produce rare complications, such as intestinal obstruction or vascular congestion with occasional secondary ischemia. This case report presents a 79-year-old male with a partial small bowel obstruction caused by a fibrotic reaction and mesenteric adenopathies of a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the ileum. The patient also presented multiple peritoneal metastases at diagnosis. Characteristic imaging findings of the tumor, allowed an accurate and early diagnosis. Once the acute episode was resolved, the diagnosis was confirmed with an image guided biopsy.

Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma: the youngest case reported

Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is a rare variant of the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. It has an aggressive clinical course and a high rate of recurrence. EIMS primarily affects children and young adults. Hereby, we report this entity in a 4-month-old infant who presented with an abdominal mass. Imaging studies revealed a large hypodense mesentery-based lesion involving the right half and mid-region of the abdomen. The mass with an attached segment of the small bowel was excised in toto. Grossly, a large encapsulated tumor was identified arising from the mesentery of the small bowel. The histological examination showed a tumor consisting of epithelioid to spindle cells loosely arranged in a myxoid background with numerous blood vessels and lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate. On immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells showed positivity for ALK1 (nuclear), desmin, SMA, CD68, and focal positivity for CD30. A final diagnosis of EIMS of the small intestine was rendered. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the youngest reported case in literature.

Fundamental pathological mechanisms underlying gastro-intestinal cancer peritoneal metastasis / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Gastrointestinal cancer peritoneal metastasis(GICPM) is one of the biggest challenges of clinical treatment. The ultimate solution to the problem requires the clinicians to accurately understand cytologic and molecular pathological mechanisms behind GICPM, and apply such knowledge in the clinical decision-making process for diagnosis and treatment of individual patient, so as to realize "prevention" and "treatment" proactively. The core cytopathological mechanisms behind GICPM, which are closely related to clinical treatment decisions, are as follows: (1) free cancer cells or clusters in peritoneal cavity colonize the peritoneum, resulting in irreversible pathological damage to peritoneal mesothelial cells; (2) the colonized cancer cells further invade the specific structure of the peritoneal milky spots and initiate an accelerated invasive growth process; (3) the process of peritoneal interstitial fibrosis aggravates the structural destruction of the peritoneum; (4) the interaction between cancer cells and immune cells in the milk spots forms a permissive immune microenvironment that promotes the growth of peritoneal metastatic cancer. These four core cytopathological mechanisms are mutually causal and promote each other, forming a vicious circle of GICPM development. As long as clinicians accurately understand these four points, it is possible to grasp the opportunity of clinical diagnosis and treatment, change reactive and passive treatment into preventive and proactive treatment, and improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment landscape of GICPM.

Establishment of mini-guts organoid and research on intestinal disease from the new perspective / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Intestinal organoids, also named "mini-guts", reconstitute sophisticated three-dimensional architecture recapitulating diversified intestinal epithelial cell types and physiology, which is driven by the proliferative and self-assembling characteristics of crypt stem cells. The initiation of organoids study relies on the identification of Lgr5+ crypt stem cells from different intestinal segments and the key role of EGF, Wnt, BMP/TGF-β, Notch signal pathways within the microenvironment during the cultivation process. Besides constituting polarized crypt-villus structures, these "mini-guts" exhibit various effective functions of intestinal epithelium. Since 2009 when the culture system of small intestinal organoids was established by Sato et al, intestinal organoids excel conventional intestinal models depending on genetical mutation in multiple aspects and thus have become the hotspot among the research on intestinal diseases. Combined with genomics, material science and engineering, "mini-guts" have been widely applied to the research on intestinal development, intestinal transport physiology, epithelial barrier, pathogen-host interaction and the study on cystic fibrosis, infectious diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, intestinal cancer, etc. In this review, we summarize the new insights introduced by organoid into the research on intestinal diseases, and related research advances and applications.

Fibrosarcoma infantil intestinal. Reporte de un caso con sangrado digestivo en un lactante / Infantile intestinal fibrosarcoma. Case report with digestive bleeding in an infant

El fibrosarcoma infantil es un tumor raro, perteneciente al grupo de sarcomas no rabdomiosarcoma; se presenta, preferentemente, en infantes, con localización más frecuente en extremidades.Se reporta un varón de 5 meses, con historia de sangrado digestivo desde los 3 meses, interpretados, al principio, como alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca, con evolución tórpida y anemia. Por laparoscopía exploradora, se evidenció un tumor en el intestino medio; se realizó resección y anastomosis término-terminal. Luego, se ampliaron los márgenes de resección por ser < 0,1 cm.Microscópicamente, se observó una proliferación neoplásica fusocelular con positividad difusa para vimentina, y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa reversa positiva para ETV6-NTRK3. Se diagnosticó fibrosarcoma infantil intestinal. Presentó buena evolución a 24 meses del diagnóstico. Si bien es infrecuente en pediatría, se debe considerar como diagnóstico diferencial en lactantes con sangrado digestivo sin causa clara.

Infantile fibrosarcoma is a rare tumor, belonging to the non-rhabdomyosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma. It is mostly presented in infants, most commonly involving the extremities.We report a 5-month-old boy, presenting with digestive bleeding since the age of 3 months, initially diagnosed as cow's milk allergy, with a torpid evolution and anemia. He underwent laparoscopic exploration, with evidence of a mass in the small bowel. Resection and end-to-end anastomosis were performed. Because of inadequate microscopic margins (< 1 cm), a new surgery was performed to achieve tumor free margins. Histological examination consisted of spindle cells that mainly expressed vimentin, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was positive for the ETV6-NTRK3 transcript, confirming the diagnosis of infantile fibrosarcoma. The patient did well after 24 months of follow-up.Although infantile intestinal fibrosarcoma is extremely uncommon in children, it should be considered as differential diagnosis for digestive bleeding in infants

Associação entre diabéticos e câncer intestinal com o risco de mutação no gene CD38 na população iraniana / Association between diabetics and intestinal cancer with the risk of mutation in cd38 gene in iranian population

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Intestinal cancer often occurs in type 2 diabetic patients. The concept of increasing insulin levels and insulin-like growth factor in the blood with type 2 diabetes are stimulated with the growth and depletion of cloned cell walls, and the continuation of this process leads to the cellular deformation. This is the evidence for intestinal cancer in type 2 diabetes in population. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to find out the relationship between diabetics and intestinal cancer based on CD38 gene mutation. METHODS: Samples were collected from 200 population including normal and case ones. PCR products related to rs 6449181 of CD38 gene was amplified with ARMS-PCR technique, and a 420-bp sharp banding was observed as well. According three ARMS-PCR techniques, three primers were designed by oligo7 software. Primers include F1, F2 and R (amplifying for normal, mutant and reverse primer respectively). RESULTS: This band was observed using a primer F1 that carries the wild type nucleotide using a primer, and when it is used with the F2 primer, it brings the mutant primer to populations of patients with diabetes and diabetes-cancer. In addition, the clinical results including body mass index, blood glucose and insulin level were analyzed. The means ±SD and Tuckey's post hoc test were significant between the clinical characterization parameters between cases and healthy populations. The allelic gene frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium between nucleotides were evaluated, and the significant level between the alleles and gene frequencies was observed. CONCLUSION: In general, the current study found that there is a relationship between diabetes and intestinal cancer among the studied populations.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer intestinal ocorre frequentemente em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. O conceito que aumento dos níveis de insulina e fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina no sangue com diabetes tipo 2 sejam estimulados com o crescimento e esgotamento das paredes celulares clonadas, e a continuação desse processo levaria à deformação celular. Esta é a evidência para câncer intestinal em diabetes tipo 2 na população. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo, buscou-se descobrir a relação entre diabéticos e câncer intestinal com base na mutação genética CD38. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas amostras de duzentos habitantes, incluindo os normais e os casos. Produtos PCR relacionados ao rs 6449181do gene CD38 foi amplificado com a técnica ARMS-PCR, e uma banda afiada de 420 bp também foi observada. De acordo com três técnicas ARMS-PCR, três primers foram projetados pelo software Oligo7. Os primers incluem F1, F2 e R (amplificando para primer normal, mutante e reverso, respectivamente). RESULTADOS: Esta banda foi observada usando um primer F1 que carrega o nucleotídeo do tipo selvagem usando um primer e quando é usado com o primer F2, ele traz o primer mutante para populações de pacientes com diabetes e diabetes-câncer. Além disso, foram analisados os resultados clínicos, incluindo índice de massa corporal, glicemia e nível de insulina. As médias ±SD e Tuckey's post hoc test foram significativas entre os parâmetros de caracterização clínica entre os casos e populações saudáveis. Foram avaliadas as frequências genéticas alélicas e o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg entre nucleotídeos e observou-se o nível significativo entre os alelos e as frequências genéticas. CONCLUSÃO: Em geral, o presente estudo constatou que há relação entre diabetes e câncer intestinal entre as populações estudadas.

Primary nonlymphoid gastrointestinal neoplasms in dogs in Rio Grande do Sul / Neoplasmas gastrointestinais primários não linfoides em cães no Rio Grande do Sul

Gastrointestinal neoplasms (GIN) are uncommon in dogs, but they mainly show malignant behavior and poor prognosis. The types of GIN in dogs and their frequency, as well as their epidemiological and histopathological characteristics were analyzed through a retrospective study of biopsies from 24.711 dogs from 2005 to 2017. Additionally, histological sections of neoplasms were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) using antibodies against pancytokeratin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin, c-Kit, S-100, CD31, CD79αcy, and neuron-specific enolase. Of the total samples from dogs analyzed, 88 corresponded to GIN. Neoplasms occurred more frequently in purebred dogs (64.8%, 57/88), males (53.4%, 47/88), with a median age of 10 years. The intestine was affected by 84.1% (74/88) of the cases. Of these, the large intestine was the most affected (67.6%, 50/74). Most of the neoplasms had malignant behavior (88.6%, 78/88). Regarding the classification of neoplasms, 46.6% (41/88) of the diagnoses corresponded to epithelial, 46.6% (41/88) were mesenchymal, 5.7% (5/88) were hematopoietic, and 1.1% (1/88) was neuroendocrine. The most frequently diagnosed neoplasms were papillary adenocarcinoma (19.3%, 17/88), leiomyosarcoma (17.0%, 15/88), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) (12.5%, 11/88), and leiomyoma (5.0%, 8/88). Adenocarcinomas were located mainly in the rectum, whereas leiomyosarcomas and GISTs developed mainly in the cecum. Epithelial neoplasms showed a greater potential for lymphatic invasion whereas mesenchymal neoplasms appeared to be more expansive with intratumoral necrosis and hemorrhage. Immunohistochemistry was found to be an important diagnostic technique for the identification of infiltrating cells in carcinomas and an indispensable technique for the definitive diagnosis of sarcomas.(AU)

Neoplasmas gastrointestinais (NGI) são pouco comuns em cães, mas possuem principalmente comportamento maligno e prognóstico reservado. Os tipos de NGI em cães e sua frequência, bem como características epidemiológicas e histopatológicas foram analisados por meio de um estudo retrospectivo dos exames de biópsias de 24.711 cães entre os anos de 2005 a 2017. Adicionalmente, cortes histológicos de NGI foram submetidos à técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), utilizando os anticorpos anti-pancitoqueratina, vimentina, actina de músculo liso, c-Kit, S-100, CD31, CD79αcy e enolase neurônio específica. Do total de cães analisados, 88 corresponderam a NGI não linfoides. Os neoplasmas ocorreram com maior frequência em cães de raça pura (64,8%, 57/88), machos (53,4%, 47/88), com mediana de idade de 10 anos. O intestino foi acometido em 84,1% dos casos (74/88). Destes, o intestino grosso foi o segmento mais afetado (67,6%, 50/74). A maior parte dos neoplasmas tinha comportamento maligno (88,6%, 78/88). Quanto à classificação, 46,6% (41/88) dos diagnósticos corresponderam a neoplasmas epiteliais, 46,6% (41/88) mesenquimais, 5,7% (5/88) hematopoiéticos e 1,1% (1/88), neuroendócrino. Os neoplasmas mais frequentemente diagnosticados foram adenocarcinoma papilar (19,3%, 17/88), leiomiossarcoma (17,0%, 15/88), tumor estromal gastrointestinal (GIST) (12,5%, 11/88) e leiomioma (12,5%, 8/88). Adenocarcinomas localizavam-se principalmente no reto, enquanto leiomiossarcoma e GISTs desenvolveram-se principalmente no ceco. Os neoplasmas epiteliais demonstraram um potencial maior de invasão linfática enquanto que os mesenquimais aparentaram ser mais expansivos, com necrose e hemorragia intratumorais. A imuno-histoquímica mostrou ser uma técnica diagnóstica importante para a identificação de células neoplásicas infiltravas no caso dos carcinomas e uma técnica indispensável para o diagnóstico definitivo de sarcomas.(AU)

Topical Delivery of Modified Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction () Using Low-Frequency Ultrasound Sonophoresis for Refractory Metastatic Malignant Bowel Obstruction: An Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical delivery of modified Da-Cheng- Qi Decoction (, MDCQD) by low-frequency ultrasound sonophoresis (LFUS) in patients with refractory metastatic malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) using an objective performance criteria (OPC) design.@*METHODS@#Fifty patients with refractory metastatic MBO were enrolled in this open-label single-arm clinical trial. Alongside fasting, gastrointestinal decompression, glycerol enema, intravenous nutrition and antisecretory therapy, a 50 g dose of MDCQD (prepared as a hydrogel) was applied through topical delivery at the site of abodminal pain or Tianshu (S 25) using LFUS for 30 min, twice daily for 5 consecutive days. The overall outcome was the remission of intestinal obstruction, and improvement on abdominal pain, abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting scores. Indicators of safety evaluation included liver and renal function as well as blood coagulation indicators.@*RESULTS@#Among 50 patients, 5 patients (10%) showed complete remission of intestinal obstruction and 21 patients (42%) showed improvement of intestinal obstruction. The overall remission rate of bowel obstruction was 52%. The results of the symptom score, based on the severity and frequency of the episode, are as follows: 26 patients (52%) showed improvment on symptom scores, 20 patients (40%) did not respond to treatment, and 4 patients (8%) discontinued treatment due to intolerance. No serious adverse effects or abnormal changes on liver and renal function or blood coagulation were observed.@*CONCLUSION@#Topical delivery of MDCQD at 100 g/day using LFUS can improve the treatment response in patients with refractory metastatic MBO.